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With a wide range of survey deliverables, we often experience client's misinterpreting what a 3D deliverable is. For example, you might automatically think of 3D Revit models or SketchUp models when you think of a 3D deliverable, but this is not always the case. We spoke to Gary McIntosh, SUMO's resident Measured Building Survey Manager to get his thoughts on what is a 3D deliverable… So, Gary, can you tell us a bit more about 3D deliverables? We have a wide range of deliverables available to clients, and as mentioned previously, frequently people may expect a deliverable that gives them a full 'visualisation' of their site such as a Revit model. But there are various deliverables that we can offer based on a client's time and budget requirements. This includes: 3D Topographical Survey and 3D Utility Survey drawings 3D topographical survey and 3D utility survey deliverables contain the raw data collected during the survey which has been exported and presented as 3D ‘points' and live work. Above left: 3D topographic survey deliverable from a birds-eye view. Above right: 3D topographic survey deliverable from a 3D perspective view. The image above left shows a 3D topographic survey from a birds-eye view. The picture above right is a snapshot taken from a '3D' perspective view. The lines at the lower level of the perspective view present in this way because these points were taken using a reflectorless (laser) method of measurement (as the surveyors could not collect a true measure of the Z-axis, possibly due to access restrictions). Because these points had no Z-axis value when captured by the surveyor on-site, they automatically present with a 0.00 level when exported into the AutoCAD software. Therefore they look 'lower' when in a perspective view. The other data points were captured using what we call 'true values' or 'true measurements'. This is where the surveyor has directly measured the points. Thus, the data points present themselves correctly on the Z-axis when exported and shown in a 3D perspective view. What does this mean for clients in practice? When commissioning 3D topographic surveys, our clients must consider areas which cannot be accessed by foot or have restricted access. This is because areas where a true measurement of the Z-axis can't be determined, will not present correctly within the 3D file. SUMO will always work with clients to ensure that restricted access areas are clear and ready for the surveyor to capture. 3D AutoCAD (wire-frame) Models 3D AutoCAD models are commissioned more infrequently. This is because (as in the images shown below) the survey deliverable is presented as a wire-frame model (left image). These deliverables are produced using X, Y, Z data coordinates and additional information, such as extra Z-axis values. SUMO's 2D survey drawings contain the same measurement information as 3D models. But they are presented in a 2D format to meet the client's requirements. Therefore, the 2D drawings should contain all the information a surveyor needs to produce a 3D wire-frame model. Above: 3D AutoCAD (wire-frame) Model The example images below show a basic wire-frame model. Each area of the building surveyed contains the shape of the room and the floor levels. This gives us our base X, Y, Z shape. SUMO also includes the height of the room on our drawings (additional Z-axis value) which allows us to create a 3D box as laid out in the images below. 3D SketchUp Models Between a 3D AutoCAD wire-frame model and a full Revit model, we have SketchUp. SketchUp models are produced using laser scan pointcloud data or from traditional measurements. SketchUp models are an excellent method of visualisation and can be presented as 3D images as well as 2D files and as animations. They provide a fast and cost-effective way to work in and view buildings in a 3D format. 3D Revit (BIM) Revit Toposurface: A toposurface is the 3D Topographical survey taken into Revit and modeled. This is shown in the image below. The toposurface is the basic lay of the land, but while being a 3D deliverable, it does not present as a 'model'. Above: Example of Revit Toposurface. Basic external Revit Model: A basic, external Revit model includes the toposurface (discussed above) with surrounding buildings shown as mass objects (see the example below). Above: Example of an external, basic Revit Model. Detailed external Revit Model: Depending on the level of detail required, a detailed Revit model may include all the kerbs, footpaths, raised areas shown with full geometry, lampposts, bins and trees shown as objects. The building details may consist of the windows, doors, roof, chimneys and more. The range of options for Revit As-Built survey models is wide and varied and customisable to suit your project needs. To also simplify the specification, SUMO has three typical levels of model that are suitable for most situations. We have created the SUMO BIM Model Specifier which outlines these three typical levels of model. You can view the BIM Model Specifier below: CLICK HERE TO VIEW THE BIM MODEL SPECIFIER And finally, 3D deliverables can also be used for underground models: - Revit Utility Model As shown in the image below, a Revit utility model is a 3D representation of the underground infrastructure. Unlike the 3D AutoCAD wire-frame models (discussed above), which present a series of ‘lines’ to make up the wire-frame, the Revit utility model shows the underground infrastructure. This includes pipes and cables in relationship to the chambers accessed from above ground. No matter your 3D requirements, SUMO would be happy to consult with you on your scope. SUMO can help tailor a cost-effective, defined survey and model brief. Contact us today with your survey requirements for a free, no-obligation quote.

Most surveyors would delight in being able to flick a magic wand or click a button, and for the survey process to instantly be complete. Sadly this is not the case. There is a complex, well-developed process - from a client's initial contact with the survey provider to receiving the end survey deliverable. In the case of a laser scanning survey, understanding what happens with the scan data after the surveyor collects it on-site, can be as essential as understanding how it is collected. We all know by now, that the process is as simple as putting the 'magic box’ (image below) on the tripod, pressing the scan button and hey presto it's done… but what happens next? Above: Laser Scanning equipment Registration process Regardless of the model of laser scanner used on site, the data must go through a process known as registration first. At SUMO, we use what are considered to be the three most significant registration software packages on the survey market: Lecia Cyclone; Faro Scene and Trimble Realworks. Using the software, we combine various sections of scan data that may have been collected separately to create a pointcloud. Depending on the project and the scanners used, this process is semi-automatic. But in practice, SUMO works on an average ratio of one-half day’s registration time per full day of site scanning. Drawing process Thereafter, the drawing of a project is a manual process and is the stage at which we spend the majority of our time. When commissioning work, one of the most significant issues that a client should be mindful of, is how long after the initial site visit, will the survey drawings take to be completed. Also whilst taking into account the site survey itself, registration time and manual drawing time. This means that it is often extremely useful for clients to specify the date that they actually need the deliverables by and not just when they would like the site survey work to be carried out. Unfortunately, there is no option to flick a magic wand and utter of the magic spell Reparo and the drawing of the project is magically complete! With the advancement of technology, our surveyors are now on-site for less time. This can be misleading to a client who thinks that after the on-site works are complete, the deliverables will be available for viewing. At present, the draw-back of the amount of office work required, is that clients must be patient for the deliverables post-site visit. But, looking at this in a more positive light, it means that there is less room for errors caused by the automation of an instant deliverable. Instead, SUMO’s expert CAD Technicians manually draw the deliverables to ensure the highest possible standard of survey drawings. Looking to the future, as technology advances we may see the development of reliable automated survey deliverables. We have already seen this development in Revit (BIM) and Topographical information. But the question remains, will we see automation for Measured Building projects? The Jury is still out. At the moment the wand remains broken. But one thing we know for certain is that should technology advance to this point, SUMO will be at the forefront of the advancement. SUMO will continue utilising the latest equipment in our survey offerings! We think you’d also be interested in reading… What is a 3D deliverable?

The near catastrophic failure of Whaley Bridge dam that featured in the news during August 2019 has emphasised the need for the routine high-quality inspection of dam structures and reservoirs. Visual inspections can identify obvious cracks and surface defects; but what about hidden defects? As highlighted in the devastating Whaley Bridge dam failure, Water Engineers face a real problem in identifying, repairing and maintaining weaknesses in dam structures. Visual defects are readily identifiable and can be dealt with before the problem escalates. However, a significant problem is ensuring structural integrity where visual clues indicating serious defects aren’t present. The careful maintenance and repair of dams must also consider the potential destructive impact on the local area and members of the public. But how can you identify what the eye cannot see? Help is at hand in the form of geophysics. One of the modern, high-tech tools at the disposal of SUMO Geophysics is ground penetrating radar (GPR). This geophysical survey method has become a mainstream technique for the non-destructive testing of engineering structures. This includes the NDT testing of barrages, weirs, locks and dams. SUMO’s GPR surveys are particularly useful for locating voids beneath the concrete elements of a dam or reservoir that would not be revealed by routine visual inspection. A grid of profiles can be carried out over crucial parts of the spillway. This could include the tumblebay, chute and stilling basin. The outcome of SUMO’s GPR surveys is that any identified voids or geophysical anomalies are plotted in an engineering compatible format. This has been carefully developed to be readily understandable by a range of engineering professionals. It allows for a smoother preparation for a programme of remedial action before failure occurs.

When it comes to obtaining accurate survey drawings of your site, it can be a lengthy and costly process. Especially if your choice of survey provider quotes you for ‘all bells and whistles’. Not only does this approach to surveying add potentially unnecessary costs and lengthier survey times, but it can also cause frustration and confusion about the best and most cost-effective approach to surveying your individual project’s needs. Whether clients need a basic outline block plan to assist with planning applications, land registry compliant plans to help with a land transfer, or a full topographic survey for the more complicated engineering designs, SUMO is on hand to help. Relying on repeat business we always aim to provide an honest assessment of the level of detail, which best suits your requirements. We ensure that you receive a survey deliverable that fully satisfies your project needs. So whether this is a simple drawing or an all-singing, all-dancing deliverable, we can help! What levels of detail are available? An elementary Block Plan is often all that is required for planning applications. As well as for clients who wish to get a simple visualisation of their site area. Such plans are generally provided in scales of 1:100, 1:200 or 1:500. They show the outline of any existing buildings, boundary features and adjacent roads. This simple level of detail is often adequate to help position and visualise potential developments. To produce a Block Plan survey drawing, the survey is positioned on to the OS grid and datum. This is using the GPS virtual reference station (VRS) to relate the survey to the broader area, in a correct spatial position within the UK. Having a datum value relatable to the OS grid (the height above sea level based on a known datum point at Newlyn Harbour in Cornwall) also helps relate the survey to the wider area. It can be of increased relevance for schemes near water, where flooding can be of concern. Some clients have concerns with the relationship between one part of their site to another. In these cases, the survey can relate to an ‘arbitrary’ grid and localised site datum for an engineer to relate to, such as a floor level or service cover. By contrast, Land registry compliant surveys do not ordinarily require ground levels to be surveyed at all. They are often concerned with the plotting of buildings, walls, fences and other salient features. This can help position overlaid title plans to establish correct boundary positions. Wherever possible, SUMO will look to provide a full and comprehensive topographic survey for its clients. Our surveyors aim to map all accessible features visible above ground. This includes basic site features of existing buildings, walls, fences, surface changes, vegetation, tree positions and utility service covers. SUMO’s surveyors will survey ground levels at a nominal interval (these intervals will typically be 5 – 10m but can be client-led depending on necessity). As well as any significant changes in ground levels such as banking or slopes, to produce a comprehensive ground profile. For highway schemes, clients will very often require mapping of all road markings with road text added to the drawing to assess traffic implications caused by any future design and access changes. The detail is not limited to access features. Using Direct Reflex technology, the survey can include details such as surrounding building heights and position, tree heights, overhead wires and bridge soffits. How might SUMO present the data collected on my site? SUMO’s survey data can be presented in both 2D and 3D formats. A 2D survey is presented as a basic drawing with values in X and Y, with the Z value as a piece of text. In contrast, survey data can be presented as 3D models (in BIM-ready formats compatible with software such as Revit if required) that include the Z value on each surveyed point and issued as a triangulated irregular network (TIN). This is a representation of a continuous surface consisting entirely of triangular facets for use in various modelling software. But, surveying in 3D requires more survey points to be collected while on-site, also features to represent the site profile more accurately. Whatever the project, SUMO aims to complete deliverables to the highest possible standards. We do this in a cost-effective and timely manner to suit each client's individual projects.

Whether construction professionals are planning a small-scale extension or a substantial industrial redevelopment, having a clear understanding of a site area is crucial to the smooth running of a project. What’s more, should they proceed without that clear understanding, they may incur significant problems, including delayed time-scales and substantial additional costs. There is however a solution, in the form of a comprehensive topographic (land) survey deliverable. Topographic survey data can be an essential component of a project, as the purpose of a land survey is to map all the relevant features on a site. This includes man-made, natural, on the ground, or above the surface features, together with the topography of the land itself. Surveyors, such as SUMO’s multi-skilled field-staff, use a variety of survey techniques and equipment to capture relevant features including laser scanning, real-time and dual-frequency GPS, and robotic instruments, plus of course the traditional method of recording points along site features using a survey pole held by a surveyor and a prism. So, what happens if I want to develop a site, but there are elevated features which are, therefore, inaccessible to a surveyor? Trimble's DR Plus™ range measurement technology provides an extended range of DR measurement without a prism to record measurements over exceptionally long-range distances, and hard to reach or unsafe survey points. SUMO surveyors are equipped with a variety of Trimble survey instruments, all with DR capabilities which enable them to capture remote details to millimetre accuracy. The process of measuring remote features involves projecting a pulsed laser onto a surface and taking a measurement. As the infrared laser light reflects off the desired surface and returns to the instrument, calculations are made using either time of flight or phase shift technology to provide an accurate distance and to plot the X, Y and Z values instantly of the required target point. The ability to conduct land surveys remotely means the surveyor can plot vital features accurately and quickly, without compromising safety in an attempt to physically reach elevated features. What features can be surveyed using DR? A full topographic survey includes the mapping of adjacent properties to a site, together with their associated Ridge and Eaves heights and by using DR, we do not need to access any private land. Knowing the height of neighbouring buildings can aid design professionals with regards to planning restrictions, loss of light difficulties and privacy considerations for new developments. Historically, surveyors would need to take rounds of intersecting angles on the same target point followed by a calculation (either on-site or more likely back in the office) to produce ridge and eaves heights. So, the benefit of using DR is seen in the improved time efficiency and the ability to provide an instant visual result compared to older methods. Although building heights are perhaps the primary feature surveyed using DR, it is certainly not the only one. Other benefits of using DR include the ability to survey tree heights, and electric and telegraph pole heights. The ability to measure such features is essential when, for instance, working on a solar farm project, in being able to show a client the areas of shadowing. Low branch heights can also be a crucial feature for many projects, as there can be potential clearance issues for plant manoeuvring to, from, and within a site area. The use of DR for measuring such features is clearly much more comfortable and safer than shimming up a tree trunk with a survey prism in hand! Clearance heights are of obvious importance on many sites, and other site safety concerns such as low slung or sagging overhead power wires are also relevant. SUMO often experiences clients requesting the lowest sag point to be recorded on the survey, to give an idea of design height restrictions as well as mobility around a site. It’s easy to see why using DR is both beneficial to the client in terms of final product information and for the surveyor’s time efficiency, accuracy and safety on-site when undertaking wide-ranging topographic surveys. As an experienced user of this technology, SUMO is pleased to offer its clients high-quality topographic survey deliverables which are tailored to the budget and requirements of each project.

Despite the cold temperatures during the winter months, the UK construction industry always continues full steam ahead. With the growing need for infrastructure, site workers must brave the elements to maintain construction efforts. However, both workers and employers must prepare for the wintry months to not only support the smooth running of these projects, but to also protect the health and safety of all involved. At SUMO, our site staff work all year round, collecting a wide range of survey data across the UK. So, we’ve put together the following list of 11 tips for the winter months. 1. Appropriate insulation It goes without saying that during the colder seasons, keeping warm and wearing the correct clothing is essential. The key is finding a balance of wearing enough layers to stay warm, whilst still being able to maintain a good range of mobility to perform your work. Hats, gloves, thick socks, face covers, earmuffs, and hardhat liners are all advised as a form of insulation against the elements. Plus, wicking thermals for inner layers (to keep moisture away from your body) and a breathable waterproof outer layer (to prevent moisture from getting into clothing) are an excellent method of controlling moisture within apparel. By layering your clothing as much as possible, the gaps of air between clothing provide extra insulation as you warm them with your body heat. 2. Correct hydration Unlike the warm summer seasons where heat and sweating indicate that a person must consume fluids, the colder months can catch many construction professionals off-guard with unexpected dehydration. We recommend keeping a sports bottle close by with hydrating fluids. What’s more, there are a variety of environmentally friendly flask options available. It is also recommended that onsite staff avoid caffeine and soda pop, as these are dehydrating. Instead opting for alternatives such as sports drinks, sugar water or soup (which has the added benefit of being warming). 3. Pocket/ hand warmers Quick to activate and heat up, put a few warmers into your outer/ inner pockets to stay nice and warm whilst on-site, or travelling to and from. 4. Cold weather training Noticing the symptoms of severe weather illness and injury can be essential during the cold British weather. There are a range of training options available. Both on and off-line, many of which can be tailored to specific job roles. 5. Watch out for ice Slips and falls are some of the most common workplace accidents. It goes without saying, that where ice is involved, the range of safety risks are even more pronounced. From slipping while on-site, to skidding during journeys to and from a site (by car or walking), it is crucial to be prepared. In fact, making plans BEFORE freezing temperatures arrive, is always advised. You can use local or national weather services such as the MET office forecast to help. A few simple tips to help prevent harm from ice: Risk assessment - It goes without saying that if a new risk such as ice appears within your workspace, you should undertake an appropriate risk assessment. De-icing - Use grit or salt on paths and gangways to prevent the formation of ice. It is much better if ice is prevented from forming initially, rather than having to remove it. We also suggest identifying areas of high use by pedestrians, such as entranceways and car parks. Footwear - while normal health and safety guidelines such as steel-toe-caps will still apply, it is essential also to consider your shoe tread. Make sure to wear rubber-soled boots and keep an eye on whether there is adequate tread throughout the season. 6. Frequent breaks Whilst working in cold temperature, workers expend more energy to complete the same tasks. As a worker, you should aim to take more frequent breaks, in a heated break area wherever possible. Workers should use these breaks to rest, warm-up, and change out of any wet clothing. Plus, this is an excellent opportunity to check for signs of cold-weather illness such as fatigue, frostbite or hypothermia. Referring to Tip number 2, it is also a good time to re-hydrate with water or even mug-soups for extra warmth. 7. Open the lines of communication During the cold months, it is important to keep the lines of communication open between both management and staff. This includes site workers and office teams as well as the site workers themselves. Developing a communication strategy before the winter season can help. This can ensure your systems and procedures work properly to resolve any potential communication issues. 8. Assess the risks of using equipment Appropriate risk assessments should be carried out before using equipment such as cranes, diggers or manual tools. This may include consideration for site conditions as well as the running of the machinery itself. This is because electrical wires and hoses can become brittle in cold temperatures. It is essential to allow those to heat up properly to avoid damage and potential harm to workers. Other equipment checks may include: Fluids, such as engine and hydraulic oils Ensuring heaters in cabs are working Ensuring ice or snow from windshields is removed Extra precautions may also be needed when working with air compressors and pneumatic tools 9. Spare change of clothes It’s sensible to have spare clothes, socks, gloves, hats and hard hat liners, so you can change out of them should they get wet. Where possible and safe to do so, try keeping your spares inside warm break areas or buildings. This way they are kept warm for you, if you need to wear them. If you want to avoid needing to change into your spares, you should layer your clothing with a base layer of clothing. This will wick away moisture and a decent waterproof outer layer. 10. Prep your vehicle for cold weather Many workers will travel to site or to the office in cars or company vans. It is important to prepare these for the harsh conditions. The RAC suggests using the acronym FORCES to carry out DIY checks in preparations for cold weather. They suggest following these steps for preparing your vehicle: Make sure you have plenty of fuel in your tank for your journey. Check the oil level on every vehicle You'll need to inspect your tyres and your wiper blades before you set off Check your car’s coolant level. The last thing you need is a frozen engine or for your vehicle to overheat. Have a look at your lights – they are essential for you to see and be seen. Check your screen wash level and top up with a quality screen wash additive or pre-mix. This is effective down to at least -15 degrees Celsius. We also think it's a good idea to pack yourself a ‘cold weather emergency kit’ in case you find yourself broken down for a lengthy period. Your kit could contain a couple of hand warmers, spare warm clothing, non-perishable snacks like protein bars, water, and a battery power-pack for your mobile phone. 11. Drive safely Be cautious when driving to and from your place of work in wintry conditions. Not only is there a significant chance of snow and ice, but the visibility can often be reduced. Ease off the accelerator for more control of the vehicle. Make sure you give yourself plenty of time to get to your destination. Also leave ample space between yourself and other vehicles to avoid collisions. And remember, routes favouring major roads are more likely to be clear and gritted. So, stay safe above ground during the winter months with our Ultimate Cold Weather Guide. Contact us with your survey requirements to stay safe below the ground!

As a pioneer within the Aerial Survey (UAV/Drone) industry, SUMO’s Aerial Survey Director Adam Stanford has had pivotal involvement in several well-known projects over the last 15 years, with his company Aerial-Cam. Adam joined the SUMO Group in January 2020. This allowed him to expand upon his already successful list of projects and enable him to offer Aerial-Cam clients a more extensive range of services. Here’s a look at some of Aerial-Cam’s key projects. The Stonehenge Riverside Project - 2006 - 2010 Above: Aerial photograph of Stonehenge taken by Aerial-Cam during The Stonehenge Riverside Project. The Stonehenge Riverside Project was a major Arts and Humanities Research Council-funded archaeological study of the Stonehenge landscape in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain. Among the discoveries were a previously unknown stone circle now called Bluestonehenge and several Neolithic Houses at Durrington Walls. The project concluded that Stonehenge was built to unify the people of the period from diverse parts of the UK. This is the project that really kicked off Aerial-Cam. It was the first significant project to employ many new techniques such as low-level aerial photography and photogrammetry. A book, Stonehenge: Making Sense of a Prehistoric Mystery, is illustrated with many of Adam’s images from his time on the project. The Stones of Stonehenge Project (2011 - 2023) Above: Aerial Photograph of Bluestonehenge Quarry captured by Aerial-Cam in 2014. Following on from the previous project, Adam has been working on The Stones of Stonehenge Project since 2011. This focuses on the quarry sites in Wales where the bluestones used at Stonehenge originated. Combining many different disciplines including geology, archaeology, geophysics, aerial survey and lots of scientific analysis, the projects aims to work out where the quarried stones were used prior to being transported to the Stonehenge landscape. The team are about to publish an article in Antiquity about Bluestonehenge and the discovery of a large stone circle in the Preseli Hills, which was dismantled, for the construction of Stonehenge. The field work is ongoing with Adam providing aerial survey so that geophysics and excavation can be targeted on possible evidence, as well as recording the findings. Rapa Nui Landscapes of Construction (2009 - 2015) Above: Photograph taken during the Rapa Nui Landscapes of Construction project by Aerial-Cam. This was a multi-University project led by UCL looking at Rapa Nui (Easter Island) one of the most remote inhabited places on the planet. Famous for its Moai stone statues, the new Rapa Nui Landscapes of Construction Project took a holistic approach in placing the statues and associated monumental structures in the context of the wider landscape of settlement and cultivation. It also concentrated on the processes of construction, with an emphasis on quarries. Adam did five field seasons here, conducting Photogrammetry of the Landscape, Moai quarries and the monuments they were transported to and erected upon. Above: Aerial Survey data collected on Rapa Nui by Aerial-Cam Further work Adam has also recorded archaeology and heritage sites on Orkney with National Geographic and in Tunisia and Qatar with the National Museum Services. More overseas projects are in the pipeline. Day to day in the UK, he is concentrating on landscape surveys for development/infrastructure projects. This includes historic building recording for organisations such as the National Trust. Aerial-Cam’s data and imagery are consistently published in Current Archaeology, Current World Archaeology, British Archaeology and many academic papers magazines, newspapers and books. The February 2020 edition of Current Archaeology contains Adam’s imagery supporting two separate articles on a Neolithic burial monument in Anglesey and an Anglo-Saxon site in South Yorkshire.

Using specialist aerial survey equipment, photogrammetry enables rapid data capture of hard to access areas. The equipment can be fitted to tripods and masts or attached to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). As a methodology, photogrammetry is as old as modern photography. Experiencing a decline in its use with the development of laser scanning, photogrammetry as a technique in Aerial Surveys, has ‘taken to the skies’ once again with the increasing popularity of UAV's, and improvements in associated software. Aerial Survey data is collected by capturing overlapping digital images, which are combined to generate the final deliverable. Modern photogrammetry software analyses parallel images, convergent images, as well as those which are oblique (both horizontal and vertical). Current software available on the market even allows for the use of oblique images from flights that circle the subject as opposed to a more standard aerial mapping flight path of overlapping swaths. Using the latest UAV technology and mobile masts, SUMO can survey site areas which may be impractical or costly to survey with more traditional survey methods. The advantages of aerial surveys include: Reduced costs Less requirement for access to areas of the site with restricted access by foot Reduced time needed to survey the site Increased reaction time The best value solution when combined with the flexibility of conventional survey methods It is however imperative to employ skilled and qualified staff when ordering an Aerial Survey, who should hold the necessary licenses and permissions for commercial operation, together with appropriate insurance. All flights carried out by SUMO are undertaken by fully qualified pilots, within the CAA framework and with appropriate risk assessments carried out. SUMO also holds £x insurance cover. Where required, SUMO will also liaise with the local police and obtain ATC (Air Traffic Control) clearances. SUMO’s Aerial Survey division provides services for purposes which range from commercial, industrial and structural to environmental, conservation and heritage. Photogrammetry as a method of data collection is often employed throughout our full range of Aerial Surveys which includes: Landscape Surveys Volumetric and Quarry Surveys Roof Inspection Surveys Aerial Archaeology Surveys Historic Building Recording Eastham-Bridge-collapse by SUMO-SERVICES on Sketchfab Above: The example above shows a 3D model created using photogrammetry data collected by SUMO Aerial-Cam. The data was obtained from the Eastham bridge as a part of efforts to plan repair work after its collapse. The viewing software Sketchfab (above) is one of many ways that clients can view the photogrammetry data. The benefit of this free 3D viewing software is that the client can manoeuvre the model by themselves, with the option to magnify areas of the model for closer inspection. So why use photogrammetry, when the widespread use of laser scanning has made significant developments regarding surveying hard to reach areas? In short, there are still areas that remain extremely difficult, if not impossible to access, without the use of scaffolding or elevated work platforms. Confined roofs, high buildings, as well as vast landscapes are a few examples of these hard to reach areas, where photogrammetry would be a more appropriate and cost-effective solution. What’s more, whilst there are benefits and limitations to Aerial Survey methodologies as well as more conventional methods such as Laser Scanning, they do integrate easily to create a suitable combined approach. Below is an example of this combined survey approach in action at the Hampstead Parish Church… To rapidly capture the elevations of the Church, a Laser Scanning Survey was initially undertaken. However, because of the design of the building and the lay of the land, it was quickly discovered that the roof structure was almost completely obscured. To overcome this, a UAV with attached photogrammetry equipment was then flown across the site to capture each side of the church. In order to keep the drone in sight at all times and to capture all of the data necessary, the Aerial Survey was undertaken in separate flights from different positions, as it was essential to get good coverage of the site to allow for the matching of the dataset collected by the UAV to the dataset collected using the laser scanner. Furthermore, several common points between the laser scan and photogrammetry data were picked, so that the aerial data could be registered. Next, the UAV photogrammetry data was converted into pointcloud data and integrated with the pointcloud data collected by the laser scanner. This process and approach to surveying the Church allowed for a comprehensive data set and deliverable for the client. Above: A land survey, detailed roof plan and 2D elevations of the church were provided to the church. Photogrammetry is also often used for detailed historical recording and orthophotos, with textured meshes being a new deliverable available to clients. The quality and the actual colours captured using the technique provide extra information to clients and is especially useful for conservation specialists. The additional level of detail obtained through photogrammetry would be hard to achieve from other methods such as laser scanning alone. Above: Aerial photography taken at Rochester Cathedral by SUMO Aerial-Cam as a part of a Historic Building Recording Survey and Roof Inspection Survey. Photographs such as this are often used to create accurate 3D models, which are created using both advanced photogrammetry software as well as modelling tools such as Revit. In conclusion, photogrammetry is very much an emerging method of surveying and capturing information, with hardware and software developing in leaps and bounds. This fast growth is also fuelled by the increasing popularity and availability of UAV’s for commercial use. Whilst already working with the latest technology, SUMO is eagerly awaiting and ready to embrace the next generation of photogrammetric solutions, which are no doubt waiting in the wings for this very modern surveying technique.

One Survey, three outputs to suit your budget and timescale! Concrete reinforcement (rebar) is located in both ground slabs and within the walls of many buildings. With so many refurbishment projects underway, we are often asked ‘where is the rebar?’ SUMO uses high frequency Ground Penetrating (GPR) to locate these individual rebars, along with a cover meter which can estimate the diameter of the individual bars. Data is either recorded and/or interpreted on site, depending on your requirement, budget and timescales, to produce 3 survey outputs… 1. Mark out survey 2. Mark out survey with basic reporting 3. Post processed Survey with full reporting. Output 1: Mark Out Survey A basic mark out survey is where a GPR survey is interpreted on site and the location of the rebar is marked in situ. A cover metre may also be used to estimate the depth to the rebar, which is also noted on site. Whether on walls, floors or columns, this method is ideal if intrusive work is planned shortly after the survey, meaning that the contractor knows exactly where to avoid when drilling. There is no permanent record made and so this is only appropriate for the construction phase and not planning stages. This is the cheapest and quickest survey output available. Above: A mark out rebar survey on a 3rd floor exterior wall, ahead of drilling for a secure platform. A crane and crane bucket were used to access the area. Output 2: Mark out survey with basic reporting This option is employed where intrusive work is scheduled soon after the survey, but the site is too complex to warrant a simple mark out survey. It also gives you a permanent record of what was surveyed at that time. In the example below, a GPR survey was conducted over 6 columns on the fifth floor of a hospital in order to investigate reinforcing and understand the load bearing of the columns before constructing an additional floor above. The location of the surveyed columns was marked on site, then recorded on a digital plan, along with the position of the rebar within those columns. Above left image : Blue circles - surveyed column. Above right image : Column 029 - Reinforcement depth 45mm. Output 3: Post processed survey with full reporting A full desk-based analysis of the data and production of a full report is useful at the design and planning phase and/or the site is more complex. In the example below, two layers of rebar have been located (inner mesh and outer mesh). The data is displayed both as radargram (section views of the data) and as a digital plan interpretation. The results indicate that the outer mesh has a cover depth range of 15 - 20mm and the internal, inner mesh cover depth is typically between 50 -70mm. Cover meter readings indicate that the both horizontal and vertical rebars of the outer mesh appear to have an indicative diameter of 7mm. Above: Section view of the GPR data (Radargram) showing two layer of rebar. Above: Interpretation of rebar mesh, plotted in AutoCAD. Want to learn more? Please pick up the phone and speak to Simon Haddrell or Richard Fleming who will happily suggest the right output for your site. 01684 592266

Locating Manholes you can’t even see with SUMO’s Engineering and Geo-Environmental surveys! As part of our standard utility survey we lift every manhole and trace the contents in order to map the services that are running below your site, but what if the manhole is buried? Our client Balfour Beatty was recently working on a housing site where two manholes were clearly shown on the original construction drawings, however there had apparently been technical issues with their location on site and they were subsequently repositioned. Unfortunately however, their new position was never updated on the site plans and to make matters worse, they were subsequently lost after being completely buried. SUMO was asked to investigate the site and to deliver a solution to a very tight timescale: Wednesday 10am – first contact with SUMO Wednesday 11am – quote issued after telephone consultation with client Friday – survey completed and initial findings marked out on site Monday – client located both buried manholes and exposed one, without any problems In order to achieve this result, a high density Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey was employed, taking readings every 8cm. The survey revealed two anomalies which did not correlate with any visible manholes on the ground, which were plotted on the site drawing issued to the client. Above: Example plan view of the high density GPR data, showing the location of one of the buried manholes and three manholes which were clearly visible to the naked eye on site. SUMO also used a GSSI Dual Frequency GPR system (the data from which can be interpreted on site), to immediately reveal the location of one buried manhole in a time critical area. This was located through excavation the very next working day, meaning that there were no site delays whilst waiting for the data to be processed and interpreted. Site disruption was also kept to a minimum, as the excavation was highly targeted, saving on breaking grounding and reinstating multiple times, which would have been costly and time consuming. Above: Photograph taken on site by the clients after one of the buried manholes was exposed, clearly showing the depth of cover. “Thanks to the team at SUMO who played a key part in identifying buried infrastructure at our site. Your GPR survey has been invaluable in helping unlock and drive forward the project to completion” Edward Pearson, Design Manager, Balfour Beatty SUMO offers a range of Engineering and Geo-Environmental surveys which can be employed at all stages of the construction process. We can also offer immediate mobilisation in most cases, meaning that you can get the survey results you need, without having to delay any site works. *What’s more, we can often offer same day results, where on site interpretation techniques can be employed. Whatever your issues, our team are here to offer a range of methodologies to investigate the ground below your site. Air Raid Shelters Badger Setts Buried Fuel Tanks Chimney Flues Foundations Ground Earthing Mineshafts Rebar Sink Holes Stray Current testing Void Detection So… if you want more than a standard utility survey, you know who to call!!! Please pick up the phone and speak to Simon Haddrell or Richard Fleming on 01684 592266.

At SUMO, we have seen a marked increase in the need for surveys for solar farms in recent months. And, whether 0.5ha or 100ha, SUMO has a bespoke suite of services to assist with planning, risk mitigation, detailed design and construction of your solar farm. In fact, SUMO can make it as easy as 1, 2, 3... STEP 1: Planning = SUMO Topographic Survey We can combine a traditional topographic survey, producing 2D or 3D drawings for planning with the additional option of aerial topography where large landscapes are captured by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s/Drones). This traditional terrestrial survey will provide a full and comprehensive topographic survey where our surveyors aim to map all accessible features visible above ground. This includes basic site features such as existing buildings, walls, fences, surface changes, vegetation, tree positions and utility service covers. We will survey ground levels at a nominal interval (typically 5 – 20m depending on the requirements of the site), as well as any significant changes in ground levels such as banking or slopes, to produce a comprehensive ground profile. Above: Traditional Topographic Survey of a large Solar Farm. Geospatial data captured from the air provides georeferenced and highly accurate digital terrain models, digital surface models and orthorectified mapping of large areas. This output is equivalent to LiDAR with the benefit of increased resolution at 1 - 5cm, where LiDAR is typically 1m to 2m, or 25cm at best (when available). Textured digital elevation models, like the example below, can help to understand and visualise the landscape. This is also a complementary technique to Step 2: the Geophysical survey. Above: Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of archaeological features beneath modern landscapes STEP 2: Risk Mitigation = SUMO Geophysical Survey As most solar farms are in rural locations, there is often a need to address the issue of potential archaeology on site. Geophysical surveys provide a rapid, cost effective method of evaluating archaeological remains without excavation. The typical targets found are settlement sites and ditches; pits, post holes, field systems and enclosures; buried megaliths, plus kilns and industrial sites. Above: The above plan view of magnetometer data shows two rectilinear enclosures, of which the southern-most may be a cursus monument. A north-east / south-west aligned field system has been identified, along with a post-medieval field boundary, evidence of ploughing and modern underground services. A trenching strategy can now be devised, targeting anomalies in the geophysics. However, in many cases the geophysics reveals no archaeology, which may remove the requirement for any intrusive archaeological investigation altogether. STEP 3: Detailed Design and Construction = SUMO Utility Survey Whilst an extremely detailed survey is required in city centres. On rural sites we conduct a perimeter survey only and any services that are located, are traced across the site and their location recorded. This means that you get all the utility information that you need without spending a fortune on a survey which doesn’t give you any more information! Using the latest detection technology including electro-magnetics, signal induced threading and ground penetrating radar, SUMO can locate metal pipes, plastic pipes, drainage systems, electricity cables, telecoms and fibre optic cables. The survey data references the ordnance survey grid and level datum as standard. The drawing can also be supplied to a specified grid & level datum, as well as the option to overlay it on an existing topographical survey. Fully understand your site. It’s as easy as 1,2,3… And following these steps will help you to meet your planning requirements, mitigate your risk and create the best and most cost-effective design for your site: - Finally, don’t forget that SUMO can supply these services independently or as part of a package. We are here to offer advice and solutions, not just a survey: so, if in doubt, pick up the phone and speak to us! Want to learn more? Please pick up the phone and speak to Simon Haddrell or Claire Rose on 01684 592266. Email: simon.haddrell@sumoservices.com or claire.rose@sumoservices.com

SUMO Successfully Complete An As-Laid Services Contract On One Of Their Biggest And Most Complex Sites To Date. SUMO recently completed a highly complex utility survey at an airfield in advance of a major restructuring project to redevelop the area as a world class training facility. The airfield was closed prior to the works, which included the site-wide upgrade of the existing utilities infrastructure across a 1,200-acre area within a tight 18-month programme. Following the detailed utility survey, the final deliverables were presented on 117 sheets at a scale suitable for legibility of detail. As-laid contract With respect to the upgrade of the existing utilities network, SUMO were commissioned to carry-out an as-laid survey of the newly installed services over an 18-month contract. The services comprised of HV and LV cables, Fire mains, Potable water mains and Gas mains. The total length of these services was approximately 27km. In addition to the pipeline routes (Water, Gas & Fire), all associated fittings comprising of washouts, air and scour valves, stop vales, metres, hydrants, and pressure reducing valves, plus electric cables, transformers, feeder pillars and sub-stations were all detailed for inclusion in the final deliverables. To carry this out, SUMO’s surveyors visited the site on a weekly basis over the 18 months, to record the position of the installed services on a rolling program. With up to 12 working crews installing services across the site at any one time, this created a significant logistical challenge to not only locate the working crews and record their latest works, but also the access to and parking of vehicles on site was severely restricted for security reasons, making the task even more difficult. To deal with these complications, a GPS Rover unit was used to accurately record the as-laid services. This equipment uses the Trimble VRS solution for corrections referenced to the Ordnance Survey Grid, meaning that the GPS could be used anywhere on the site, with the added advantage of being easily portable and carried by the surveyors, walking the many kilometres required on each visit. A huge number of photographs were also taken as a visible record of the site, to assist in piecing together the jigsaw puzzle of pipes and cables. Due to the number of site photographs taken, this also necessitated creating a digital database. Using the CAD model, camera icons were then inserted in the actual positions that the photographs were taken and the camera icons included a photo reference number, date of capture and a hyperlink which accessed the photograph when clicked. Deliverables: The end user client stipulated that the minimum number of drawing sheets absolutely necessary for ease of reference and practical use on site were required. In addition, individual drawing sets were needed of each of the 4 utilities: fire mains, water mains, potable water mains and electric cable routes. Accordingly, in order to meet this requirement, a compromise had to be reached with relation to the scale of detail. It was therefore decided that 7 sheets of A0 drawing sheets at a scale of 1:500 would be created for each of the utility sets to cover the site. The compromise reached was to create a ‘hybrid’ of accurate digital data (model) and schematics, where the representation of fittings such as valves etc., would not be to scale, but shown at a size and relative positon only, for ease of visualisation. Accurate details, when required, could then be interrogated from the digital model. Above: Example of Potable water schematic with valve identifiers (similar for Fire and Gas) and symbols (right). Symbols were then created as blocks to represent the fittings as a simple visual reference and for ease of insertion into the drawings. Similar blocks were created for Fire main and Gas main drawings. Electric Cable routes (HV & LV) Although there was an attempt to survey the individual electric cables within the defined routes (trenches), this could not always be achieved due to the large number of cables in certain areas, crossing over, partially buried or too bunched together. However, in consultation with the senior electrical engineer, we were able to identify the routes of individual cables from the transformers / feeder pillars to the supply side where they entered the buildings and these were shown as schematic layouts. Above: Example distribution of cables from sub-station and enlargement of sub-station showing individual cable routes, ring main unit (RMU), transformers (TX1), feeder pillars (FP) and earth rods. The same approach was then applied to the gas mains. Above: (Left) Example extract schematic showing gas pipes, pipe sizes, valves. (Right) Gas pipes installation. Through constant communication and collaboration with the client, plus SUMO’s flexibility in organising multiple survey teams working throughout the base, as and when needed, the project was undertaken within the necessary deadlines. Furthermore, the ability to send data back to our Central CAD office electronically, enabled SUMO to provide preliminary results within hours of each site visit, meaning that the client could have a timely overview of the contractor’s ongoing progress over the entire site and identify any problem areas at an early stage. The enormity of the site meant that the sheer volume of deliverables would normally be unworkable in this type of dynamic environment, however regular consultation with the client allowed us to devise and provide a practical solution. As a result, we were able to provide unique working drawings at a suitable scale which tied in with a bespoke digital model with supporting photographic evidence, thereby enabling the client and their contractors to complete the project on time and with minimal disruption. All in all, it was a complex and at times stressful project, but one in which everyone was delighted and proud of the end result. So, no matter how big (or small) your project, why not give SUMO the opportunity to find the solution that best meets your needs? Contact us now on 0845 456 1104…